2024 I ready score chart 2022

Aug 31, 2020 · Accessibility & Accommodations in i-Ready Assessments iReady- Accessibility and Accommodations in Assessments.pdf 400.47 KB (Last Modified on July 16, 2019) Comments (-1) . Fnf unblocked github

View iready-placement-tables-2021-2022-1-1.pdf from MATH 102 at Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Islamabad. i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Placement Tables (2021–2022 School2021–2022 Statewide Assessment Schedule . Test Administration Information • In 2021–22, the following grade-level assessments are delivered in a paper-based format: o Grade 3 ELA Reading o Grades 4–6 ELA (Writing and Reading) o Grades 3–6 Mathematics o Grades 5 and 8 ScienceScale Score 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 Exhibit 1 Student Proile Report In the above example, Elizabeth Jones is a ifth-grade student who completed her irst Diagnostic on 09/12/2014 and had a beginning score of 540. Her 540 score corresponds to a grade-level placement The i-Ready Diagnostic is: Nationally norm referenced. Helps to identify gaps and strengths above and below grade level. Offers next steps for instruction around the areas to develop with Teacher led PDFs. Supports grades 2-8 standards. Can be used to support high school as a universal screener for incoming 9th graders and for targeted ... to provide a baseline score so teachers can track student progress in learning the B.E.S.T. Standards from PM1 to PM2. o PM2 – by the time of this administration window, students will have had an opportunity to learn the grade-level standards , and this administration will provide a mid-year score to compare to the baseline score from PM1. purpose of this is not to give your student a score or grade, but instead to determine how best to support your student’s learning. i-Ready Personalized Instruction i-Ready Personalized Instruction provides students with lessons based on their individual skill level and needs, so your student can learn at a pace that is just right for them.Offering a continuum of scale scores from kindergarten through high school, i Ready Diagnostic is a web-based adaptive screening assessment for mathematics. Evidence-based, proven valid and reliable, and aligned to state and Common Core standards, i-Ready meets the expected rigor in each of the covered domains—Number and Operations/The Number ...i-Ready Diagnostic Implementation 2022-23 Grades: 3-8 Reading and Math (Grades K-2 Optional) The i-Ready Diagnostic is a test designed to help teachers support each student and create a path of personalized instruction for every learner. The adaptive test adjusts its questions to suit each student's needs.2 This placement chart visually represents a fifth grade student’s performance on the fall Diagnostic Math Test and progress toward their growth measures. 2a The green band shows the On Grade Level range for this grade and subject. 2b The dark green line represents the Mid On Grade Level scale score for the student’s grade level. to provide a baseline score so teachers can track student progress in learning the B.E.S.T. Standards from PM1 to PM2. o PM2 – by the time of this administration window, students will have had an opportunity to learn the grade-level standards , and this administration will provide a mid-year score to compare to the baseline score from PM1. The i-Ready Diagnostic is scored on a scale ranging from 100 to 800. The scale score allows you to see which skills your child has mastered, regardless of their grade level. The charts below are the i-Ready Diagnostic National Norms Tables for Reading and Mathematics for Grades K-8 for 2020-2021.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Technical and Troubleshooting Guide for Families. Use this guide to help your student log in to i-Ready from home and troubleshoot i-Ready technical questions. Watch this video with your student to help them understand the i-Ready Diagnostic and prepare them for assessing at home! i‑Ready to access this resource.Advanced cut scores for partners without a linking study. This current study was conducted to update these values using a more deliberate method with expanded and more recent data. The updated default cut scores in Table E.1 reveal that the 40th and 70th percentile cut values are too low for today’s performance level standards.Scores of 4.00 - 4.99 mean the student scored at advanced levels on the assessment, on track to be well above standard by the end of the year. 3 Meeting Expectation. Scores of 3.00-3.99 mean the student scored at a level at the level expected for a student on track to meet standard by the end of the year. 2 Approaching Expectation. Teach vocabulary in the context of reading. i-Ready sets students up for success by giving teachers insight into where they are in their learning and where they need to go as they develop. The continuous improvements in the program are grounded in our feedback and invaluable for our district. Dave Hurst, Deputy Superintendent, Bethlehem Central ... Included in Cost: i Ready is a fully web-based, vendor-hosted, Software-as-a-Service application. The per-student or site-based license fee includes account set-up and management; unlimited access to i-Ready’s assessment, management, and reporting functionality; plus unlimited access to U.S.-based customer service/technical support and all program maintenance, updates, and enhancements for ... 2021–2022 Statewide Assessment Schedule . Test Administration Information • In 2021–22, the following grade-level assessments are delivered in a paper-based format: o Grade 3 ELA Reading o Grades 4–6 ELA (Writing and Reading) o Grades 3–6 Mathematics o Grades 5 and 8 ScienceScroll to find your child’s most recent iReady Scores. What do these numbers mean? Overall scale scores give your child’s averaged score based on subcategories. For ELA, that includes phonological awareness, phonics, high frequency words, vocabulary, comprehension of literary texts and comprehension of informational texts.iReady. Assessment Type: Computer adaptive interim assessment Grade Range: K-8: ELA and Math Structure: Recommended use: 3 times per year (fall, winter, spring) Test Time: Untimed, but a typical student completes in under 60 minutes/ subject area Pairings: The i-Ready Diagnostic is an adaptive online test that is intended to show your child’s understanding of Math and Reading and help figure out what your child is ready to learn next. As an adaptive test, questions will get easier or harder depending on how your child is progressing on the test. Questions may range up to three grade levels ... May 31, 2023 · Assessment System Chart (PDF) the tests of the 2022–23 California assessment system by subject content, test name, test type, student participant groups, grade levels, and testing window timeframe. California Assessment Timeline (PDF) presents the assessment administration timeline. The Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) is designed to assess true student understanding, not just basic memorization and test-taking skills. It is a way to assess what our students know and what we can do to help them succeed in the future.The purpose of this is not to give your student a score or grade, but instead to determine how best to support your student’s learning. i-Ready Personalized Instruction provides students with lessons based on their individual skill level and needs, so your student can learn at a pace that is just right for them. These lessons are fun and ...iReady. Assessment Type: Computer adaptive interim assessment Grade Range: K-8: ELA and Math Structure: Recommended use: 3 times per year (fall, winter, spring) Test Time: Untimed, but a typical student completes in under 60 minutes/ subject area Pairings: This student will be considered college ready because the TSIA1 Writing portion was not previously in CCMR. • A student earned a 940 on the ELAR CRC, a 4on the diagnostic,and a 6 on the Essay portion of the TSIA2. This student will NOT be considered college ready. The student must score at least 5 on the diagnostic.The i-Ready Diagnostic is scored on a scale ranging from 100 to 800. The scale score allows you to see which skills your child has mastered, regardless of their grade level. The charts below are the i-Ready Diagnostic National Norms Tables for Reading and Mathematics for Grades K-8 for 2020-2021.Jul 24, 2023 · The Illinois Assessment of Readiness (IAR) is the state assessment and accountability measure for Illinois students enrolled in a public school district. IAR assesses the New Illinois Learning Standards Incorporating the Common Core and will be administered in English language arts and mathematics to all students in grades 3-8. Offering a continuum of scale scores from kindergarten through high school, i Ready Diagnostic is a web-based adaptive screening assessment for reading. Evidence-based, proven valid and reliable, and aligned to state and Common Core standards, i-Ready meets the expected rigor in each of the covered domains—Phonological Awareness, Phonics ... A lower score does not mean your student did not learn or lost skills. Scores can be affected by things like stress, distraction, taking the Diagnostic in a different place, and receiving help. This can be particularly common when students are learning in different environments and under unique circumstances.Jan 23, 2021 · According to the chart you posted, a reading score of 612 would be between the 94th and 95th percentile for a 4th grader. In math, the 99th percentile cutoff is a 518. PP's kid's math score of 612 is way above the 99th percentile. It would be like 99.99th percentile+ if they had that level of discrimination. report. Advanced cut scores for partners without a linking study. This current study was conducted to update these values using a more deliberate method with expanded and more recent data. The updated default cut scores in Table E.1 reveal that the 40th and 70th percentile cut values are too low for today’s performance level standards. 3. Overlapping scale scores: a. When examining a student’s placement, it is always essential to consider the placement table for their current chronological grade. Since the placement tables are criterion-referenced concerning the student’s current grade level, the student’s scale score can be compared from one academic year to another to see their progress over time.The i-Ready Diagnostic is an adaptive online test that is intended to show your child’s understanding of Math and Reading and help figure out what your child is ready to learn next. As an adaptive test, questions will get easier or harder depending on how your child is progressing on the test. Questions may range up to three grade levels ...Norming studies within the last five (5) to ten (10) years, with norming within five (5) years being preferable; and. Serves as a measure of grade 3 achievement in reading comprehension. The following assessments have been approved for use. The percentile required on each assessment is also provided. SAT-10: 45 th Percentile.Scale Score 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 Exhibit 1 Student Proile Report In the above example, Elizabeth Jones is a ifth-grade student who completed her irst Diagnostic on 09/12/2014 and had a beginning score of 540. Her 540 score corresponds to a grade-level placement i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (2017–2018 School Year) ©2017 Curriculum Associates, LLC Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225-0248Reports are generated in fall, winter, and spring. Families will only receive a report for a window when the student took the reading or mathematics iReady test. The FCPS iReady score report provides results for the test overall and for tested domains. Overall results include the current national percentile rank (0-99th), benchmark status (Met ... The Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) is designed to assess true student understanding, not just basic memorization and test-taking skills. It is a way to assess what our students know and what we can do to help them succeed in the future.Dec 8, 2022 · In this guide we break out typical i-Ready Diagnostic scores based on grade level (kindergarten ... Dear Teachers, i-Ready is an online learning program focused on reading and math. Your student has recently taken an i-Ready assessment at school. i-Ready Diagnostic & Instruction begins by giving students an adaptive assessment in reading or math. An adaptive assessment is a test that automatically adjusts the difficulty of the questions ...Mar 25, 2022 · These are stratospheric scores. 20 points is actually fairly significant on iReady. If your child had those scores during Spring, then 440 would be 89th percentile, and 460 would still be 99th percentile. For reading, Fall 520 is 99th percentile, and Winter 530 is high 98th percentile. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Normative scores, together with other types of scores such as i-Ready Diagnostic criterion-referenced scores (i.e., grade-level placements for reading and mathematics and for domains) help educators gain a more complete picture of student performance. Whereas i-Ready ’s normative scores communicate how students perform compared toThe purpose of this is not to give your student a score or grade, but instead to determine how best to support your student’s learning. i-Ready Personalized Instruction provides students with lessons based on their individual skill level and needs, so your student can learn at a pace that is just right for them. These lessons are fun and ...The i-Ready Diagnostic is an adaptive online test that is intended to show your child’s understanding of Math and Reading and help figure out what your child is ready to learn next. As an adaptive test, questions will get easier or harder depending on how your child is progressing on the test. Questions may range up to three grade levels ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.(i-Ready Instruction). The i-Ready Diagnostic provides the data-driven insights that classroom teachers and school and district administrators need to determine exactly where to focus their instructional time to ensure all students are on track to meet these more rigorous expectations. i-Ready Diagnostic was developed to serve several purposes:Pathway Chart. CAASPP Testing Information. Staff Information. STEM- Math Information. Textbook Information/ SMS Math Course Information. Math Resources (Math Book Online) High School Course Outlines. FHS-Math Flowchart. VDLHS- Math Flowchart. Diagnostic Assessment. i-Ready Diagnostic is the heart of the i-Ready Assessment suite. This diagnostic assessment platform is designed with teachers in mind, to work on its own or with other i-Ready programs. The Grades K–12 diagnostic testing assessments manifests our core belief that all students can grow and achieve grade-level expectations. prior to the 6th week of each quarter, the District’s 2021-2022 BAS Instructional Reading Level Chart provides monthly expected proficiency levels to determine the need for a PMP prior to the end of each quarter. Schools piloting Benchmark Oral Reading Records will use the same criteria listed for Benchmark Assessment System (BAS). May 31, 2023 · Assessment System Chart (PDF) the tests of the 2022–23 California assessment system by subject content, test name, test type, student participant groups, grade levels, and testing window timeframe. California Assessment Timeline (PDF) presents the assessment administration timeline. Norming studies within the last five (5) to ten (10) years, with norming within five (5) years being preferable; and. Serves as a measure of grade 3 achievement in reading comprehension. The following assessments have been approved for use. The percentile required on each assessment is also provided. SAT-10: 45 th Percentile.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.©2018 Curriculum Associates, LLC Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225-0248 i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (2018–2019 School Year) Research Overview This publication features the i-Ready Diagnostic national norms for Grades K–8. These norms are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year and apply to the 2022–2023 school year.May 31, 2023 · Assessment System Chart (PDF) the tests of the 2022–23 California assessment system by subject content, test name, test type, student participant groups, grade levels, and testing window timeframe. California Assessment Timeline (PDF) presents the assessment administration timeline. Diagnostic Assessment. i-Ready Diagnostic is the heart of the i-Ready Assessment suite. This diagnostic assessment platform is designed with teachers in mind, to work on its own or with other i-Ready programs. The Grades K–12 diagnostic testing assessments manifests our core belief that all students can grow and achieve grade-level expectations.Teach vocabulary in the context of reading. i-Ready sets students up for success by giving teachers insight into where they are in their learning and where they need to go as they develop. The continuous improvements in the program are grounded in our feedback and invaluable for our district. Dave Hurst, Deputy Superintendent, Bethlehem Central ... The i-Ready Diagnostic is an adaptive online test that is intended to show your child’s understanding of Math and Reading and help figure out what your child is ready to learn next. As an adaptive test, questions will get easier or harder depending on how your child is progressing on the test. Questions may range up to three grade levels ...to provide a baseline score so teachers can track student progress in learning the B.E.S.T. Standards from PM1 to PM2. o PM2 – by the time of this administration window, students will have had an opportunity to learn the grade-level standards , and this administration will provide a mid-year score to compare to the baseline score from PM1. How to view i-Ready Diagnostic Score Student Dashboard 1. Click on My Progress: 2. Click on Completed Work: 3. Students/parents see scores for online lessons and the Diagnostic. Note: The score indicates where your child is currently placed. See chart below for overall placement. i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (20 20 – 202 1 School Year) (Curriculum Associates Research Report No. 2020 -48 ). North Billerica, MA: Author. Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225 -0248. Overall—Mathematics (K–8 All and Integrated) Overall Placements . Student Grade Placement Grade Level Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 ... ©2016 Curriculum Associates, LLC Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225-0248 i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (2016–2017 School Year)Aug 30, 2023 · 2022-2023 List of Tier 1 Dyslexia Screeners FAQ. List of Approved Assessments for the 2021-2022 School Year. The Department completed its review of vendor proposals that were submitted in response to the Department’s Request for Qualifications for third party assessments. Below is the 2021-2022 Approved List of Assessments in the following areas: How to view i-Ready Diagnostic Score Student Dashboard 1. Click on My Progress: 2. Click on Completed Work: 3. Students/parents see scores for online lessons and the Diagnostic. Note: The score indicates where your child is currently placed. See chart below for overall placement.These are stratospheric scores. 20 points is actually fairly significant on iReady. If your child had those scores during Spring, then 440 would be 89th percentile, and 460 would still be 99th percentile. For reading, Fall 520 is 99th percentile, and Winter 530 is high 98th percentile.View iready-placement-tables-2020-2021 (1).pdf from MAT MISC at Palm Desert High. i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Placement Tables (2020–2021 School Year) ©2020 Curriculum Associates, LLC. All Rights i-Ready . Scale Score Placement Tables (20 20 – 202 1 School Year) (Curriculum Associates Research Report No. 2020 -48 ). North Billerica, MA: Author. Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225 -0248. Overall—Mathematics (K–8 All and Integrated) Overall Placements . Student Grade Placement Grade Level Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 ... Columbia, September 4, 2018 - Today, the South Carolina Department of Education (SCDE) released state, district and school level data for SC READY and SC PASS, state assessments administered in the spring of the 2017-18 school year. These tests are intended to provide an end-of-the-year "snapshot" of overall student performance.A lower score does not mean your student did not learn or lost skills. Scores can be affected by things like stress, distraction, taking the Diagnostic in a different place, and receiving help. This can be particularly common when students are learning in different environments and under unique circumstances. May 2, 2022 – May 3, 2022 Grades 4 -6 Reading (Sessions 1 and 2) May 4, 2022 – May 6, 2022 Grades 4 -6 Reading Makeups May 9, 2022 – May 10, 2022 Grades 3 -6 Math (Sessions 1 and 2) May 11, 2022 – May 13, 2022 Grades 3 -6 Math and Reading Makeups May 16, 2022 – May 17, 2022 Grade 5 Science (Sessions 1 and 2) Pathway Chart. CAASPP Testing Information. Staff Information. STEM- Math Information. Textbook Information/ SMS Math Course Information. Math Resources (Math Book Online) High School Course Outlines. FHS-Math Flowchart. VDLHS- Math Flowchart. The i-Ready Diagnostic is: Nationally norm referenced. Helps to identify gaps and strengths above and below grade level. Offers next steps for instruction around the areas to develop with Teacher led PDFs. Supports grades 2-8 standards. Can be used to support high school as a universal screener for incoming 9th graders and for targeted ... You’re considered college ready if you receive at least the following scores on the CRC and Essay Tests. College Readiness Benchmarks ELAR: A score in the range of 945–990 on the ELAR CRC Test and a score of at least 5 on the Essay Test or an ELAR CRC Test score below 945 and an ELAR Diagnostic Test We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Teach vocabulary in the context of reading. i-Ready sets students up for success by giving teachers insight into where they are in their learning and where they need to go as they develop. The continuous improvements in the program are grounded in our feedback and invaluable for our district. Dave Hurst, Deputy Superintendent, Bethlehem Central ...Mar 25, 2022 · These are stratospheric scores. 20 points is actually fairly significant on iReady. If your child had those scores during Spring, then 440 would be 89th percentile, and 460 would still be 99th percentile. For reading, Fall 520 is 99th percentile, and Winter 530 is high 98th percentile. Advanced cut scores for partners without a linking study. This current study was conducted to update these values using a more deliberate method with expanded and more recent data. The updated default cut scores in Table E.1 reveal that the 40th and 70th percentile cut values are too low for today’s performance level standards.Teach vocabulary in the context of reading. i-Ready sets students up for success by giving teachers insight into where they are in their learning and where they need to go as they develop. The continuous improvements in the program are grounded in our feedback and invaluable for our district. Dave Hurst, Deputy Superintendent, Bethlehem Central ...The Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) is designed to assess true student understanding, not just basic memorization and test-taking skills. It is a way to assess what our students know and what we can do to help them succeed in the future.The iReady assessment measures students’ performance and progress in certain foundational skills for reading and mathematics, known as “domains.”. The domains tested by the iReady assessment are defined below. Students receive questions in six (6) domains for reading and four (4) domains for mathematics. More information is available ... Feb 23, 2021 · report. 02/23/2021 16:04. Subject: iready score for level IV kids in 4th grade. quote. Anonymous. Anonymous wrote: Wow, my son is in 2nd grade and scored a 635 in reading. I knew that was 99th%ile but I didn’t realize that it would have put him in the 99th for 4th graders, too! 3. Overlapping scale scores: a. When examining a student’s placement, it is always essential to consider the placement table for their current chronological grade. Since the placement tables are criterion-referenced concerning the student’s current grade level, the student’s scale score can be compared from one academic year to another to see their progress over time.The application period is now open through August 10, 2023 for the Stronger Connections Grant. Part of the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act of 2022, this grant provides $1 billion in funding for states to distribute to high-need schools to help provide all students with safe and supportive learning opportunities and environments. ©2018 Curriculum Associates, LLC Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225-0248 i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (2018–2019 School Year)

To begin, work with your class to come up with a goal. Once your class successfully scores "100" on 100 i-Ready lessons, you can celebrate with the goal you chose! :) As students score 100 on their lessons, they should place stickers on the included hundreds chart. For upper elementary grades, the hundreds chart is listed as "1/100" on each .... Becker

Research Overview This publication features the i-Ready Diagnostic national norms for Grades K–8. These norms are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year and apply to the 2022–2023 school year.2021–2022 Statewide Assessment Schedule . Test Administration Information • In 2021–22, the following grade-level assessments are delivered in a paper-based format: o Grade 3 ELA Reading o Grades 4–6 ELA (Writing and Reading) o Grades 3–6 Mathematics o Grades 5 and 8 ScienceScale Score 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 Exhibit 1 Student Proile Report In the above example, Elizabeth Jones is a ifth-grade student who completed her irst Diagnostic on 09/12/2014 and had a beginning score of 540. Her 540 score corresponds to a grade-level placement The scores provided at the individual (student) level. i-Ready’s . diagnostic assessment provides a scaled score (ranges from 0 to 800) that can be tracked and compared across grades. This scaled score is available for a student’s overall reading performance, and for each of the individual domains described in the learning objectives response,Diagnostic Assessment. i-Ready Diagnostic is the heart of the i-Ready Assessment suite. This diagnostic assessment platform is designed with teachers in mind, to work on its own or with other i-Ready programs. The Grades K–12 diagnostic testing assessments manifests our core belief that all students can grow and achieve grade-level expectations.May 31, 2023 · Assessment System Chart (PDF) the tests of the 2022–23 California assessment system by subject content, test name, test type, student participant groups, grade levels, and testing window timeframe. California Assessment Timeline (PDF) presents the assessment administration timeline. i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (20 20 – 202 1 School Year) (Curriculum Associates Research Report No. 2020 -48 ). North Billerica, MA: Author. Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225 -0248. Overall—Mathematics (K–8 All and Integrated) Overall Placements . Student Grade Placement Grade Level Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 ...on-grade-level for math. – On the Reading Assessment, a student in fourth grade needs to score between 557 and 629 to be considered. on-grade-level for reading. • Note that these charts reflect overall scores for both Math and Reading. There are different scale-score ranges.Dec 14, 2021 · Given the 18 months of disrupted learning caused by the pandemic, FCPS expected to see a decline in performance across all grades. While this proves true when looking at iReady mean scaled scores in grades 2-6, declines in FCPS are generally less substantial than were seen nationwide pre- and post-pandemic. Feb 23, 2021 · report. 02/23/2021 16:04. Subject: iready score for level IV kids in 4th grade. quote. Anonymous. Anonymous wrote: Wow, my son is in 2nd grade and scored a 635 in reading. I knew that was 99th%ile but I didn’t realize that it would have put him in the 99th for 4th graders, too! This student will be considered college ready because the TSIA1 Writing portion was not previously in CCMR. • A student earned a 940 on the ELAR CRC, a 4on the diagnostic,and a 6 on the Essay portion of the TSIA2. This student will NOT be considered college ready. The student must score at least 5 on the diagnostic.Technical and Troubleshooting Guide for Families. Use this guide to help your student log in to i-Ready from home and troubleshoot i-Ready technical questions. Watch this video with your student to help them understand the i-Ready Diagnostic and prepare them for assessing at home! i‑Ready to access this resource.Included in Cost: i Ready is a fully web-based, vendor-hosted, Software-as-a-Service application. The per-student or site-based license fee includes account set-up and management; unlimited access to i-Ready’s assessment, management, and reporting functionality; plus unlimited access to U.S.-based customer service/technical support and all program maintenance, updates, and enhancements for ...Aug 31, 2020 · Accessibility & Accommodations in i-Ready Assessments iReady- Accessibility and Accommodations in Assessments.pdf 400.47 KB (Last Modified on July 16, 2019) Comments (-1) .

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